Criminal and Regulatory Laws on the Exchange of Authentic Medicines Between Pharmacies Across Continents

Abstract

The exchange of authentic medicines between pharmacies across continents is a critical process governed by stringent criminal and regulatory laws to ensure public health and prevent issues such as smuggling and counterfeiting. This study examines the legal frameworks regulating medicine exchange in Asia, Europe, North America, Africa, and Oceania, drawing on credible sources from international health organizations, including the World Health Organization, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and the European Medicines Agency, among others, published between 2015 and 2025. The analysis highlights regional variations, such as Iran’s TTAC system, the EU’s Falsified Medicines Directive, and the U.S.’s Drug Supply Chain Security Act, while identifying challenges like inconsistent standards and infrastructure disparities, particularly in Africa. Key findings underscore the need for global cooperation, advanced tracking systems, and staff training to enhance compliance with Good Distribution Practices. This research contributes to global health policy by advocating for harmonized regulations and technological advancements to ensure the safety, quality, and accessibility of medicines worldwide.